奶制品与癌症
[译者 牛奶里为什么会有激素?什么牛奶只有雌激素，为什么没人提雄性激素？这篇文章解释了这两个问题，如果原文确实的话]， 此外牛奶中可能含有另外一种人工生长激素RBST，这是为了增加牛奶产量。 沃尔玛，星巴克和很多美国超市已经封杀这种RBST出来的牛奶。参见后一篇。 也可以google之。讽刺的是 美国FDA声称这种添加人工激素的牛奶和未添加人工激素的牛奶并无显著差别，民众依旧不买FDA的帐。事实上，牛奶是否促进女童发育过早的问题早在1997年的时候就引起关注， 许多年来科学家宣称尚无增据表明二者之间存在联系。 ]
原文：牛奶中的荷尔蒙可能有危险Hormones in milk can be dangerous
作者 By Corydon Ireland Harvard News Office
原文链接：http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/12.07/11-dairy.html ，发表于2006年
翻译： Hollowell 于2010-08-16 http://jul12th.blogspot.com
Ganmaa Davaasambuu is a physician (Mongolia), a Ph.D. in environmental health (Japan), a fellow (Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study), and a working scientist (Harvard School of Public Health).
Ganmaa Davaasambuu 是一个大夫(蒙古国)，环境健康学博士（日本），Radcliffe高级研究所Fellow , 同时也是哈佛公共健康学院的科学家。[译者:蒙古大夫是什么典故？]
On Monday (Dec. 4), she drew on all those roles during a lunchtime talk to most of her fellow fellows.
在星期一(十二月四日)与众多同事的一次午餐讨论中，她以上的身份一一体现出来。
Ganmaa's topic was lunch-appropriate: the suspected role of cow's milk, cheese, and other dairy products in hormone-dependent cancers. (Those include cancers of the testes, prostate, and breast.)
Ganmaa的话题无疑是适合午餐气氛的：牛奶，奶酪以及其他一些奶制品是否与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有联系？（例如睾丸癌，前列腺癌，乳腺癌）
The link between cancer and dietary hormones - estrogen in particular - has been a source of great concern among scientists, said Ganmaa, but it has not been widely studied or discussed.
据Ganmaa说明，癌症与饮食荷尔蒙（尤其是雌激素 (estrogen))之间的联系一直是科学家们密切关注的一个课题，但是并没有得到广泛的研究或讨论。
The potential for risk is large. Natural estrogens are up to 100,000 times more potent than their environmental counterparts, such as the estrogen-like compounds in pesticides.
潜在的风险是巨大的。自然雌激素比起环境产生的雌激素要有效100，000倍以上，所谓传经产生的雌激素是指杀虫剂中类似雌激素的物质。
在人类有可能接触雌激素的情况中，我们主要关心牛奶，因为牛奶里含有大量的女性性荷尔蒙。Ganmma告诉听众们：奶制品占人体吸收雌激素的60%到80%. +
Part of the problem seems to be milk from modern dairy farms, where cows are milked about 300 days a year. For much of that time, the cows are pregnant. The later in pregnancy a cow is, the more hormones appear in her milk.
Milk from a cow in the late stage of pregnancy contains up to 33 times as much of a signature estrogen compound (estrone sulfate) than milk from a non-pregnant cow.
一部分问题可能在于现代的奶牛农场所提供的牛奶，农场里的奶牛每年大约挤奶300次。在大部分时间里，奶牛处于怀孕阶段，奶牛越接近临产，牛奶中含有的荷尔蒙就越高。
相对于未怀孕的奶牛，处于怀孕末期奶牛提供的牛奶中所含的雌激素物质(雌酮硫酸盐)是前者的33倍之多。 [译者：这段很有意思，以前我是不知道的]
In a study of modern milk in Japan, Ganmaa found that it contained 10 times more progesterone, another hormone, than raw milk from Mongolia.
Ganmaa在日本对当前奶牛的研究表明：日本牛奶中的孕酮(另一种类型的荷尔蒙)含量是蒙古鲜牛奶中孕酮的10倍。
In traditional herding societies like Mongolia, cows are milked for human consumption only five months a year, said Ganmaa, and, if pregnant, only in the early stages. Consequently, levels of hormones in the milk are much lower.
在类似蒙古这样的传统放牧业国家里，人们一年只有5个月的时间挤牛奶供人类使用，如果奶牛怀孕的话，那么只在最初阶段挤牛奶。相应的，这些牛奶中荷尔曼含量也比较低。
"The milk we drink today is quite unlike the milk our ancestors were drinking" without apparent harm for 2,000 years, she said. "The milk we drink today may not be nature's perfect food."
Ganmaa提到，今天我们引用的牛奶与我们祖先曾经引用的牛奶已经截然不同，2000年来人们饮用的牛奶并没有明显的害处，但是今天人们食用的牛奶可能已经不是大自然的最佳食物。
Earlier studies bear out Ganmaa's hypothesis that eating dairy heightens the risk of some cancers.
一些早期的研究印证了Ganmmaa关于食用奶制品增加某些癌症危险的假说。
One study compared diet and cancer rates in 42 counties. It showed that milk and cheese consumption are strongly correlated to the incidence of testicular cancer among men ages 20 to 39. Rates were highest in places like Switzerland and Denmark, where cheese is a national food, and lowest in Algeria and other countries where dairy is not so widely consumed.
一项研究比较了42个国家的饮食和癌症发生率，该研究表明20岁到39岁之间男性发生睾丸癌的机率与牛奶和奶酪食用有着强烈的相关性。瑞士和丹麦等奶酪作为全国性视频的一些国家有较高的发病率，而阿尔及利亚和其他一些很少食用奶制品的国家则发病率较低。
Cancer rates linked to dairy can change quickly, said Ganmaa. In the past 50 years in Japan, she said, rising rates of dairy consumption are linked with rising death rates from prostate cancer - from near zero per 100,000 five decades ago to 7 per 100,000 today.
与奶制品相关的癌症发生率可能变化非常快。在过去的50年里，日本的奶制品消费迅速上升，同时日本前列腺癌的死亡率从五十年前的十万分之0上升到今天的十万分之7。(译者注：当然也有可能是别的原因)
Butter, meat, eggs, milk, and cheese are implicated in higher rates of hormone-dependent cancers in general, she said. Breast cancer has been linked particularly to consumption of milk and cheese.
Ganmaa认为一般来说黄油，肉蛋，牛奶和奶酪与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有着密切的关系。特别的，乳腺癌与牛奶和奶酪的食用有着密切的关系。
In another study, rats fed milk show a higher incidence of cancer and develop a higher number of tumors than those who drank water, said Ganmaa.
在另一项研究中，喝牛奶的老鼠比那些喝水的小白鼠表现出更高的癌症发生率以及更多数量的肿瘤。
All this begs the question of the health effects of milk on children. About 75 percent of American children under 12 consume dairy every day, but its health effects on prepubescent bodies is not known - "a good rationale for further study," said Ganmaa, who studies bioactive substances in food and reproductive health disorders.
那么牛奶对于儿童健康的影响有什么影响呢？大约75%的12岁以下美国儿童每天都喝牛奶，但是喝牛奶对于青春期身体的影响尚不明确。Ganmaa认为这恰好说明进一步研究的必要性，她曾研究过食物中生物活性物质以及生殖健康的异常。
She and her Harvard colleagues have already conducted two pilot studies.
她已经和哈佛的同事进行了两项预研。
One compared levels of hormones and growth factors in American milk (whole, whole organic, skim milk, and UHT - ultra-high temperature - milk) to milk from Mongolia. Levels were very low in both American skim and in Mongolian milk.
研究一比较各种美国牛奶(全脂牛奶，有机全脂牛奶，脱脂牛奶，高温牛奶)和蒙古牛奶的荷尔蒙水平和生长因素。蒙古牛奶和各种美国脱脂牛奶中的含量都很低。
Another pilot study looked at third-graders in Mongolia. After a month, the hormone levels jumped among the children fed commercial U.S. milk.
另外一项研究测试蒙古国三年级学生的荷尔蒙。在食用美国牛奶一个月后，这些蒙古学生体内的荷尔蒙水平有所提高。
Long-term studies are needed to see if any of this is important for children's health. "We don't know what the larger implications are," said Ganmaa. (The National Institutes of Health is now reviewing Ganmaa and her team's application to fund a two-year study.)
Meanwhile, Ganmaa is investigating 22 years of data from Harvard's Nurses Health Study, looking for a potential link between dairy and endometrial cancer.
需要经过长期的研究才能证明以上这些是否儿童健康有所影响。”我们还不知道这些实验背后的意义”。同时Ganmaa正在研究哈佛22年的护理健康研究记录，她希望从中发现奶制品和子宫癌之间的联系。
But she is cautious about the implications of her studies of cancer rates and dairy consumption.
但是她对癌症发生率和奶制品食用之间的联系保持谨慎的态度。
For one, said Ganmaa, "milk is a food of great complexity" and contains high levels of beneficial nutrients, including calcium and vitamin D. (Mongolian children, who drink a third less dairy than their American counterparts, have low levels of vitamin D.)
牛奶是一种非常复杂的食品，包含了高量的各种有益营养成分，例如钙和维生素（蒙古国的小朋友喝牛奶不到美国小朋友的三分之一，他们体内 的维生素D水平较低 ）
"The hormonal effects of milk are very new," said Ganmaa during questions from her Radcliffe audience. Until more research is done, she said, "I'd like to keep our heads low."
牛奶的荷尔蒙效应是一个新话题，Ganmaa说，在更多的研究以前，我们先低调一些。
But steps can be taken now to reduce the amount of hormones in milk, said Ganmaa. Because hormones reside in milk fat, drinking skim milk is one option. Getting calcium from green leafy vegetables is another.
同时她强调目前我们可以采用一些措施来降低牛奶中荷尔蒙的水平。由于荷尔蒙存在于乳脂(milk fat)， 大家可以喝脱脂牛奶。从绿叶类蔬菜中获取钙是另外一个办法。
Modes of milk production can also change, said Ganmaa. She suggested milking only nonpregnant cows (the Mongolian model), or not milking cows when they are in the later stages of pregnancy, when hormone levels are particularly high.
她同时认为牛奶生产模式也可以改变。 她建议只对未怀孕的奶牛挤奶（蒙古模式），并且不对处于怀孕末期的奶牛挤奶，因为怀孕末期的奶牛有更高的荷尔蒙含量。
"The dairy industry in the United States is not going to change in any radical way," said artist Shimon Attie, the Mildred Londa Weisman Fellow at Radcliffe - and a former dairyman.
一位前奶牛场主则认为美国的奶制品行业并不会有所变化。
But in the meantime, he had a suggestion for the coffee setting at future Radcliffe Fellows luncheons: a pot of nondairy creamer.
Radcliffe sponsors 50 fellows a year - scientists, artists, writers, and scholars of every stripe. Three times a month, one of them gives a private luncheon talk for other fellows.
同时我们对Radcliffe所有同仁有一个建议，以后进行午餐讨论会时可以在咖啡里添加非奶制品的奶油。
[译者 牛奶里为什么会有激素?什么牛奶只有雌激素，为什么没人提雄性激素？这篇文章解释了这两个问题，如果原文确实的话]
ReplyDelete