今天我 寒夜裡看雪飄過
懷著冷卻了的心窩飄遠方
風雨裡追趕 霧裡分不清影蹤
天空海闊 你與我 可會變 (誰沒在變)
多少次 迎著冷眼與嘲笑
從沒有放棄過心中的理想
一剎那恍惚 若有所失的感覺
不知不覺已變淡 心裡愛 (誰明白我)
原諒我這一生不羈放縱愛自由
也會怕有一天會跌倒
背棄了理想 誰人都可以
那會怕有一天只你共我
仍然自由自我 永遠高唱我歌 走遍千里
Jul 12th
Wednesday, September 1, 2010
Friday, August 27, 2010
Thursday, August 26, 2010
平凡的人,不平凡的心灵ZZ
他感动了中国,却没有感动CCTV的冷漠评委
93岁的他静静地走了。无数活着的人在口口相传中记住了他——蹬三轮的老人白芳礼
。这不是神话:这位老人在74岁以后的生命中,靠着一脚一脚地蹬三轮,挣下35万
元人民币,捐给了天津的多所大学、中学和小学,资助了300多名贫困学生。而每一
个走近他的人都惊异地发现,他的个人生活几近乞丐,他的私有财产账单上是一个零。
他一年四季从头到脚穿戴的总是不配套的衣衫鞋帽,都是他从街头路边或垃圾堆里捡来
的。他倒为此挺开心,曾对人说:“我从头到脚、从里到外的穿戴没有一件是花钱买的
,今儿捡一样,明儿捡一样,多了就可以配套了。”
他每天在外的午饭总是两个馒头一碗白开水,有时候会往开水里倒一点酱油,那已
是他的“美味”了。
在家他很节俭,每顿最多只吃一块肉或一个蛋,怎么劝他再吃都没用,他总是说:
“留着下顿,吃多了白瞎。”偶尔放纵自己的是馋厉害了,就在晚上睡觉时往嘴里放上
一星肉,含着,慢慢品滋味。
为了多拉一趟活,多挣一块钱,他几乎到了不要命的地步。一年365天,无论节假日,
无论刮风下雨下雪,他从来没有休息过一天。早晨6点准时出车,要到晚上七八点钟才
回
他曾在夏天路面温度高达50摄氏度的炙烤下,从三轮车上昏倒过去;他曾在冬天大
雪满地的路途中,摔到沟里;他曾由于过度疲劳,蹬在车上睡着了;他曾多次在感冒发
高烧到39摄氏度的情况下,一边吞着退烧药片,一边蹬车,虚脱的汗水湿透了棉袄;更
有不为人知的是,由于年事已高,冬天里他常常憋不住小便,棉裤总是湿漉漉的,他就
垫上几块布照样蹬着车四处跑。
在你的心里想象这样一幕吧:一个瘦弱的老人,蹬着三轮车,穿着不规整的衣服,
戴着一顶草帽,在师生的惊异目光里到大学去,从身上掏出厚厚的一角两角零币攒起来
的钱递给学校领导说是要给困难学生捐钱,大学里每年都会收到来自各个方面的捐款,
多是大企业。如今收到来自个人、而且是一个蹬三轮老人的捐款,每个人的表情从惊异
木然到感动甚至是痛苦。
而这样的一幕老人坚持就是十多年,不曾间断…………
“自己苦点累点没有关系,让每一个孩子都有钱到学校有书可以读”,这是20年前
老人的动机,也是20年里老人辛苦蹬车的追求和梦想。
“多发性腔隙性脑梗塞,原发性高血压,冠状动脉硬化心脏病,瓣膜退行性病变,
老年型白内障,神经性耳聋,并有脑萎缩及消化道出血症状。”这是老人病倒的最后,
医生对他的诊断结果。
“等我病好了,我还要蹬三轮挣钱资助你们读书”,这是老人对在病房里对前去看
望他的孩子们说的话.
“三轮车、收音机、小黄莺”,这是老人今年逝世时留下的最后的遗产。
如果你还不曾为这些简单的话语动容,那么,还有一个数字请你记住,在这个老人
逝世的时候他已经93岁了,从74岁的暮年开始至90高龄,他不曾有一天如其他老人那样
在家中颐养天年,而是在大街上比一个壮年人还拼命的拉三轮,而这一切,只是为了让
那些孩子,那些他毫不认识的孩子们有钱可以上学,可以在教室里安逸的上课。
一个人做好事并不难,难得是耄髭之年还坚持二十载无怨无悔;关爱教育拿出很多
前来助学的人也很多,常见于报端银屏。排出那些借捐助之名得慈善虚名的人之外,也
有不少人真诚的拿出钱来捐给偏远的孩子,甚至有成千上万或者者比尔一样富可敌国的
捐助。
然而,一个人有100元捐出10元,一个人有2元捐出1元,一个人是乞丐身无分文把
乞讨得来的2毛钱分了1毛钱给另一个乞丐。这三人中谁比谁更让人感动呢?
白芳礼老人,无疑就是第三者。那么真诚那么纯粹。
在老人的周围,反衬的是一帮尸位素餐酒囊饭 袋碌碌无为的官员,还有那些富裕
的却只图一己享乐不问天下穷困的有钱人们。这是责任和良知的最好体现。
善良的人们,请不要吝惜你的泪水,让我们在老人卑微的身影里俯下身去。老人是平凡
的,甚至是可怜的。在媒体发现他之前,没有人知道他的故事,没有人知道他以一己之
力捐资助学的情怀。这是怎样的一颗心阿,是怎样的默默无言却又光辉灿烂。
可是,老人今年却没有被评选上《感动中国》人物,当白岩松煽情的语调加上令人
感动的音乐里,十个人物在光鲜华贵全国瞩目的颁奖舞台上展示他们曾经的付出让每一
个观众感动落泪的时候,人们的良心却沉默的遗忘了这个已然离颐窃度サ睦先恕/SPAN>
还记得这并非第一次的落选,去年感动中国的提名里也有老人的名字,可是,今年
延续去年相同的失落。
不知道大家的眼睛里这是怎样一个老人,至少在他为之奉献的津门,万千的百姓为
他的离去而感动着悲伤着。
这些年得到白芳礼捐助的大学、中学、小学以及教育基金等单位达30家之多。老
人捐钱从不图回报,许多得到他帮助的学生并不知道他的姓名。他的快乐和幸福来自他
那一盘舻男模/SPAN>
而如此伟大可敬的老人两次被提名CCTV感动中国人物的提名却因为某些原因而
落选,让人感到CCTV是在真正的感动中国还是在做秀!至于那些投票,在实际的操作里
又有多大的作用呢?
一位老人、一辆 三轮车、35万元捐款、300多名贫困学生……当人们将词组一一连线
后,展现出来的是老人伴着坎坷、误解、坚持与慈爱的一生。他,就是白芳礼。
如果按每蹬1公里三轮车收5角钱计算,他为贫困学生奉献的是相当于绕地球赤道
18周的奔波劳累。直到将近90岁高龄,然而,终于在那一天他感到了无奈。1999年
,天津火车站进行整顿,所有商亭一律被拆除。望着转眼工夫被拆成一堆LJ的“白芳礼
支教公司”,老人哭了。他老了,腿脚没劲了,以后还指望用什么挣钱给孩子们读书呢
?
那年冬天,老人蜷缩在车站附近一个自行车棚里,硬是给人家看了3个月的自行车
,每天把所得的1角、2角、1元、2元的钱整整齐齐地放在一个饭盒里,等存满50
0元时,他揣上饭盒,蹬上车,在一个飘着雪花的冬日,来到了天津耀华中学。人们看
到,他的头发、胡子全白了,身上已经被雪浸湿。他向学校的老师递上饭盒里的500
元钱,说了一句:“我干不动了,以后可能不能再捐了,这是我最后的一笔钱……”老
师们全哭了。
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你有曼妙的舞姿和优美的曲线吗?你有能力站在万人瞩目
的舞台上,让无数的少男少女对你产生浪漫朦胧的遐想么?
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你坐过宇宙飞船翱翔过宇宙吗?你享受过走下飞船
后,那无边的花海和雷声鸣般的掌声吗?你只是一个小学都没上过的三轮车夫,怎能与
我们的航天英雄相提并论?
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你是一个国有大型医院的院长吗?你是一个在医疗
界频频作出高姿态,仿佛圣人般能呼风唤雨的资产家么?你的唯一的财富只有那区区20
几万,而且还散给了千千万的的贫寒学子。
“用第一抹光线的纯净,为世界画一双眼睛”CCTV感动中国的优美歌词让人为之
无限憧憬和联想,但是在C C T V的评委或者说在C C T V后台的一些领导眼中,只有伟
大的航天员,只有华丽的舞蹈家才能或者说才配感动中国。感动这个词和三轮车夫,社
会底层人民和穷光蛋这几个词语是一点关系也沾不到的。在今天的中国社会,“平凡中
折射伟大“这种精神已经丧失殆尽。
当我们的社会高层已经习惯用”伟大“这个词语来衡量什么叫做感动,当我们
的春节晚会已经开始只为上层人士服务,当从提问幼稚园孩子你将来想选择什么职业得
到的回答是明星大老板的时候,这个社会的主流精神已经一丝丝的被急功近利和奢华浮
躁所取代。
白芳礼让我们从这个物欲横流的时代看到了这个社会的一线希望,CCTV的感动中
国评选又无情的把这微弱的希望扑灭。不,央视扑灭的不是白芳礼的个人荣誉的得失,
已经远在天堂的老人不会再计较这些尘世的虚名,央视扑灭的是一个民族未来的希望!
当无私和平凡已经不在,我们的明天将何去何从?
评选已经过去,结果不能更改。还记得《南方周末》99年的新年献词里有这样的
两段话:
“阳光打在你的脸上,温暖留在我们心里。为什么我们总是眼含着泪水,因为我们
爱得深沉;为什么我们总是精神抖擞,因为我们爱得深沉;为什么我们总在不断寻求,
因为我们爱得深沉。爱这个国家,还有她的人民,他们善良,他们正直,他们懂得互相
关怀。”
“总有一种力量它让我们泪流满面,总有一种力量它让我们抖擞精神,总有一种力
量它驱使我们不断寻求“正义、爱心、良知”。这种力量来自于你,来自于你们中间的
每一个人。”
总有一种力量让我们泪流满面,总有一种力量让我们精神抖擞!老人二十年的支教
生涯难道不正是这样的一种力量吗?
察看过去的纪录,《南风窗》评选白芳礼作为年度人物;在不少论坛里,也可以看
见网友的追念;老人辞世后的追思会,有天津万人参加;南开大学的BBS里,有很多人
在为老人鸣不平……有这么多人记得老人,也许也就足够了。《感动中国》又能说明什
么呢?作为中央媒体,我只感觉到她日渐下降的权威,整个日渐庸俗的媒体圈除了娱乐
大众就是愚弄大众,除此,还说什么呢?
< /FONT> 只是但愿,在这个善于遗忘的社会里,白芳礼的故事不要被人轻易的淡忘
,和那些记入历史的人物一样,永远的被我们记住,我们的国家,在一个角落里有这么
善良的一位老人。
对于老人自己来讲,他的付出,从来没有想到会有谁来回报有谁来关注。荣誉,对
他而言只是虚名浮云,毫无疑义。(虽然,也许包括他自己,都会对这种天真的善良不
被承认而黯然。)
斯人已去,唯愿平安!纠缠于此的所有争论,已变得没有多少意义。
在我的心里,老人是应该进《感动中国》十大人物的,因为老人深深的感动了我,
还有我身边的很多人。
希望大家看到后都能转一下,让我们为老人祈福吧!!!
--
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93岁的他静静地走了。无数活着的人在口口相传中记住了他——蹬三轮的老人白芳礼
。这不是神话:这位老人在74岁以后的生命中,靠着一脚一脚地蹬三轮,挣下35万
元人民币,捐给了天津的多所大学、中学和小学,资助了300多名贫困学生。而每一
个走近他的人都惊异地发现,他的个人生活几近乞丐,他的私有财产账单上是一个零。
他一年四季从头到脚穿戴的总是不配套的衣衫鞋帽,都是他从街头路边或垃圾堆里捡来
的。他倒为此挺开心,曾对人说:“我从头到脚、从里到外的穿戴没有一件是花钱买的
,今儿捡一样,明儿捡一样,多了就可以配套了。”
他每天在外的午饭总是两个馒头一碗白开水,有时候会往开水里倒一点酱油,那已
是他的“美味”了。
在家他很节俭,每顿最多只吃一块肉或一个蛋,怎么劝他再吃都没用,他总是说:
“留着下顿,吃多了白瞎。”偶尔放纵自己的是馋厉害了,就在晚上睡觉时往嘴里放上
一星肉,含着,慢慢品滋味。
为了多拉一趟活,多挣一块钱,他几乎到了不要命的地步。一年365天,无论节假日,
无论刮风下雨下雪,他从来没有休息过一天。早晨6点准时出车,要到晚上七八点钟才
回
他曾在夏天路面温度高达50摄氏度的炙烤下,从三轮车上昏倒过去;他曾在冬天大
雪满地的路途中,摔到沟里;他曾由于过度疲劳,蹬在车上睡着了;他曾多次在感冒发
高烧到39摄氏度的情况下,一边吞着退烧药片,一边蹬车,虚脱的汗水湿透了棉袄;更
有不为人知的是,由于年事已高,冬天里他常常憋不住小便,棉裤总是湿漉漉的,他就
垫上几块布照样蹬着车四处跑。
在你的心里想象这样一幕吧:一个瘦弱的老人,蹬着三轮车,穿着不规整的衣服,
戴着一顶草帽,在师生的惊异目光里到大学去,从身上掏出厚厚的一角两角零币攒起来
的钱递给学校领导说是要给困难学生捐钱,大学里每年都会收到来自各个方面的捐款,
多是大企业。如今收到来自个人、而且是一个蹬三轮老人的捐款,每个人的表情从惊异
木然到感动甚至是痛苦。
而这样的一幕老人坚持就是十多年,不曾间断…………
“自己苦点累点没有关系,让每一个孩子都有钱到学校有书可以读”,这是20年前
老人的动机,也是20年里老人辛苦蹬车的追求和梦想。
“多发性腔隙性脑梗塞,原发性高血压,冠状动脉硬化心脏病,瓣膜退行性病变,
老年型白内障,神经性耳聋,并有脑萎缩及消化道出血症状。”这是老人病倒的最后,
医生对他的诊断结果。
“等我病好了,我还要蹬三轮挣钱资助你们读书”,这是老人对在病房里对前去看
望他的孩子们说的话.
“三轮车、收音机、小黄莺”,这是老人今年逝世时留下的最后的遗产。
如果你还不曾为这些简单的话语动容,那么,还有一个数字请你记住,在这个老人
逝世的时候他已经93岁了,从74岁的暮年开始至90高龄,他不曾有一天如其他老人那样
在家中颐养天年,而是在大街上比一个壮年人还拼命的拉三轮,而这一切,只是为了让
那些孩子,那些他毫不认识的孩子们有钱可以上学,可以在教室里安逸的上课。
一个人做好事并不难,难得是耄髭之年还坚持二十载无怨无悔;关爱教育拿出很多
前来助学的人也很多,常见于报端银屏。排出那些借捐助之名得慈善虚名的人之外,也
有不少人真诚的拿出钱来捐给偏远的孩子,甚至有成千上万或者者比尔一样富可敌国的
捐助。
然而,一个人有100元捐出10元,一个人有2元捐出1元,一个人是乞丐身无分文把
乞讨得来的2毛钱分了1毛钱给另一个乞丐。这三人中谁比谁更让人感动呢?
白芳礼老人,无疑就是第三者。那么真诚那么纯粹。
在老人的周围,反衬的是一帮尸位素餐酒囊饭 袋碌碌无为的官员,还有那些富裕
的却只图一己享乐不问天下穷困的有钱人们。这是责任和良知的最好体现。
善良的人们,请不要吝惜你的泪水,让我们在老人卑微的身影里俯下身去。老人是平凡
的,甚至是可怜的。在媒体发现他之前,没有人知道他的故事,没有人知道他以一己之
力捐资助学的情怀。这是怎样的一颗心阿,是怎样的默默无言却又光辉灿烂。
可是,老人今年却没有被评选上《感动中国》人物,当白岩松煽情的语调加上令人
感动的音乐里,十个人物在光鲜华贵全国瞩目的颁奖舞台上展示他们曾经的付出让每一
个观众感动落泪的时候,人们的良心却沉默的遗忘了这个已然离颐窃度サ睦先恕/SPAN>
还记得这并非第一次的落选,去年感动中国的提名里也有老人的名字,可是,今年
延续去年相同的失落。
不知道大家的眼睛里这是怎样一个老人,至少在他为之奉献的津门,万千的百姓为
他的离去而感动着悲伤着。
这些年得到白芳礼捐助的大学、中学、小学以及教育基金等单位达30家之多。老
人捐钱从不图回报,许多得到他帮助的学生并不知道他的姓名。他的快乐和幸福来自他
那一盘舻男模/SPAN>
而如此伟大可敬的老人两次被提名CCTV感动中国人物的提名却因为某些原因而
落选,让人感到CCTV是在真正的感动中国还是在做秀!至于那些投票,在实际的操作里
又有多大的作用呢?
一位老人、一辆 三轮车、35万元捐款、300多名贫困学生……当人们将词组一一连线
后,展现出来的是老人伴着坎坷、误解、坚持与慈爱的一生。他,就是白芳礼。
如果按每蹬1公里三轮车收5角钱计算,他为贫困学生奉献的是相当于绕地球赤道
18周的奔波劳累。直到将近90岁高龄,然而,终于在那一天他感到了无奈。1999年
,天津火车站进行整顿,所有商亭一律被拆除。望着转眼工夫被拆成一堆LJ的“白芳礼
支教公司”,老人哭了。他老了,腿脚没劲了,以后还指望用什么挣钱给孩子们读书呢
?
那年冬天,老人蜷缩在车站附近一个自行车棚里,硬是给人家看了3个月的自行车
,每天把所得的1角、2角、1元、2元的钱整整齐齐地放在一个饭盒里,等存满50
0元时,他揣上饭盒,蹬上车,在一个飘着雪花的冬日,来到了天津耀华中学。人们看
到,他的头发、胡子全白了,身上已经被雪浸湿。他向学校的老师递上饭盒里的500
元钱,说了一句:“我干不动了,以后可能不能再捐了,这是我最后的一笔钱……”老
师们全哭了。
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你有曼妙的舞姿和优美的曲线吗?你有能力站在万人瞩目
的舞台上,让无数的少男少女对你产生浪漫朦胧的遐想么?
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你坐过宇宙飞船翱翔过宇宙吗?你享受过走下飞船
后,那无边的花海和雷声鸣般的掌声吗?你只是一个小学都没上过的三轮车夫,怎能与
我们的航天英雄相提并论?
白芳礼,你凭什么感动中国?你是一个国有大型医院的院长吗?你是一个在医疗
界频频作出高姿态,仿佛圣人般能呼风唤雨的资产家么?你的唯一的财富只有那区区20
几万,而且还散给了千千万的的贫寒学子。
“用第一抹光线的纯净,为世界画一双眼睛”CCTV感动中国的优美歌词让人为之
无限憧憬和联想,但是在C C T V的评委或者说在C C T V后台的一些领导眼中,只有伟
大的航天员,只有华丽的舞蹈家才能或者说才配感动中国。感动这个词和三轮车夫,社
会底层人民和穷光蛋这几个词语是一点关系也沾不到的。在今天的中国社会,“平凡中
折射伟大“这种精神已经丧失殆尽。
当我们的社会高层已经习惯用”伟大“这个词语来衡量什么叫做感动,当我们
的春节晚会已经开始只为上层人士服务,当从提问幼稚园孩子你将来想选择什么职业得
到的回答是明星大老板的时候,这个社会的主流精神已经一丝丝的被急功近利和奢华浮
躁所取代。
白芳礼让我们从这个物欲横流的时代看到了这个社会的一线希望,CCTV的感动中
国评选又无情的把这微弱的希望扑灭。不,央视扑灭的不是白芳礼的个人荣誉的得失,
已经远在天堂的老人不会再计较这些尘世的虚名,央视扑灭的是一个民族未来的希望!
当无私和平凡已经不在,我们的明天将何去何从?
评选已经过去,结果不能更改。还记得《南方周末》99年的新年献词里有这样的
两段话:
“阳光打在你的脸上,温暖留在我们心里。为什么我们总是眼含着泪水,因为我们
爱得深沉;为什么我们总是精神抖擞,因为我们爱得深沉;为什么我们总在不断寻求,
因为我们爱得深沉。爱这个国家,还有她的人民,他们善良,他们正直,他们懂得互相
关怀。”
“总有一种力量它让我们泪流满面,总有一种力量它让我们抖擞精神,总有一种力
量它驱使我们不断寻求“正义、爱心、良知”。这种力量来自于你,来自于你们中间的
每一个人。”
总有一种力量让我们泪流满面,总有一种力量让我们精神抖擞!老人二十年的支教
生涯难道不正是这样的一种力量吗?
察看过去的纪录,《南风窗》评选白芳礼作为年度人物;在不少论坛里,也可以看
见网友的追念;老人辞世后的追思会,有天津万人参加;南开大学的BBS里,有很多人
在为老人鸣不平……有这么多人记得老人,也许也就足够了。《感动中国》又能说明什
么呢?作为中央媒体,我只感觉到她日渐下降的权威,整个日渐庸俗的媒体圈除了娱乐
大众就是愚弄大众,除此,还说什么呢?
< /FONT> 只是但愿,在这个善于遗忘的社会里,白芳礼的故事不要被人轻易的淡忘
,和那些记入历史的人物一样,永远的被我们记住,我们的国家,在一个角落里有这么
善良的一位老人。
对于老人自己来讲,他的付出,从来没有想到会有谁来回报有谁来关注。荣誉,对
他而言只是虚名浮云,毫无疑义。(虽然,也许包括他自己,都会对这种天真的善良不
被承认而黯然。)
斯人已去,唯愿平安!纠缠于此的所有争论,已变得没有多少意义。
在我的心里,老人是应该进《感动中国》十大人物的,因为老人深深的感动了我,
还有我身边的很多人。
希望大家看到后都能转一下,让我们为老人祈福吧!!!
--
※ 来源:·WWW 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 65.219.]
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(34056 字节) [删除]Thursday, August 19, 2010
女孩早熟问题原因及对策
女孩早熟问题原因及对策
作者:Kerry G
http://hubpages.com/hub/Early-Puberty-in-Girls
翻译:Hollowell
http://jul12th.blogspot.com/
Early puberty in girls is a growing problem in the United States and around the world.
女孩青春期较早出现是美国以及全世界都正在增加的问题。
In the mid-1800s, the average age of menarche (first menstrual period) was 17. By the late 1960's it had dropped to 12, with anywhere from 9 to about 16 being considered "normal." This change can be considered positive overall; it was mostly a result of improved nutrition, which also resulted in taller stature, longer lifespans, and better overall health.
在19世纪中期,女孩初潮(第一次月经)的平均年龄是17岁。到20世纪60年代末期,这一平均年龄降低到12岁,9岁到16岁之间都被视为“正常”。这一变化可以被认为是积极的。很多程度上这来自于营养的改善,并导致身高的增加,寿命的延长以及更好的综合健康健康。
However, in recent years, the onset of puberty in girls, especially breast and pubic hair development, has dropped even lower. Among Caucasian girls in the United States, 1 in 7 has now started developing breasts and public hair by the age of 8. The figure for African-American girls is 1 in 2. Many doctors and researchers have begun to revise downward the age at which puberty is considered "precocious" - to 7 for Caucasian girls and 6 for African Americans.
然而最近几年以来女孩的青春期进一步提前,显著的表现包括乳房和阴毛。在美国的高加索女孩(译者:基本上就是白人女孩)中,每7个女孩中就有一个从8岁开始发育乳房和阴毛,对于非裔美国 (译者:黑人,现在不说Black了) 女孩来说,这个比例是2:1。许多医生和学者现在已经开始修改青春期早发的年龄界定,高加索女孩为7岁,黑人女孩为6岁。
But can an eight year old sporting breasts really be considered "normal?" Early onset of puberty is associated with many health risks: both physical and psychological. I believe that the medical community and parents alike must do more to learn about the causes of precocious puberty and work both to reverse the trend towards younger and younger puberty and to provide support for girls who experience it.
但是我们是否能认为一个8岁就发育的乳房是正常的?青春期早发带来一系列健康风险,其中包含心理方面和生理方面的问题。我相信医学界和家庭都必须采取更多行动并了解青春期早发的原因,这样我们才能阻止这种不断提前趋势的发展,并帮助那些出现此类状况的女孩。
Risks of Early Puberty
青春期早发的风险:
Environmental and genetic factors play a role in increasing or decreasing these risks for both early and late developing girls. In general, however, girls who experience precocious puberty have a higher risk of:
环境和遗传上的因素都对青春期早发或者迟发的女孩起着增加或者减少风险的作用。通常来说,青春期早发的女孩存在以下较高的风险。
• Cancer. The earlier the age of first menarche, the greater a girl's risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly breast cancer, due mainly to greater lifetime exposure to the hormone estrogen.
• 癌症:初潮的年龄越早,女孩得某些癌症的风险也越大,尤其是乳腺癌,这主要是在于面对雌激素的时间更长。
• Menstrual and fertility problems. Increased lifetime exposure to estrogen is also associated with an increased risk of problems such as PMS, menstrual cramps, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, fibrocystic breasts, and more.
• 月经和生殖问题:随着面对雌激素的周期的增加,女孩面对PMS(月经前综合症),痛经,子宫瘤,多囊卵巢综合症,子宫内膜异位,卵巢囊肿等。
• Stunted growth. Early puberty is often associated with advanced skeletal age, meaning that a 6 year old girl might have the bone structure of an 8 or 9 year old. Although they might initially be taller than slower-developing girls, girls who experience precocious puberty are likely to end up shorter, because after the initial growth spurt or spurts, puberty triggers the body to stop growing up and start filling out. Slower developing girls have more time to grow tall than the average girl who experiences precocious puberty.
• 发育受阻。青春期早发通常伴随着增加的骨骼年纪,例如一个6岁的女孩可能拥有一个8到9岁女孩的骨骼结构。尽管她们可能最初比同龄发育慢的女孩身高更高,但是青春期早发的女孩往往可能最终身高较低,这是因为经过最初的一窜或者几窜以后,身体将会停止增长同时开始横向发展。相比青春期提前出现的女孩,发育较慢的女孩有更多的时间长高。
• Lesser brain development. Unfortunately, puberty also eventually triggers the end of brain development. Again, this gives girls who experience early onset puberty less time to develop to their full physical potential before growth ceases.
• 较少的智力发展。不幸的是,青春期也会导致智力发展的结束。这也会导致那些发育提前的女孩有更少的时间来充分发展其智力潜能。
• Depression, anxiety, and stress. Being different is hard on both early and late developers, and combined with the mood swings associated with puberty, many girls who experience precocious puberty also have problems coping and may need extra emotional support from parents, teachers, and other trusted adults.
• 抑郁,焦虑和压力感。青春期早发和晚发都回造成个体与众不同,同时伴随着青春期带来的情绪波动,很多较早发育的女孩都回遇到棘手问题,她们需要来自家长,老师以及其他信任成年人的情感关怀。
• Sexual harassment. Sexual harassment of schoolchildren by other schoolchildren is a growing problem in the United States, and early developing girls are often targeted earlier and more frequently than other students, which can exacerbate depression, anxiety, and other mental problems.
• 性骚扰。来自学校其他孩子的性骚扰是一个美国日益严重的问题,青春期早发的女孩通常更早成为目标,并且更频繁的受到侵犯,这一事实可能加剧抑郁,焦虑和其他心理问题。
• Sexual precocity. Girls with precocious puberty are often treated as sexual beings earlier than other girls and may be targeted more by older boys and even adult men than slower developing girls. They also have to deal earlier with their own sexual feelings. Girls who experience early puberty may be more likely to engage in early sexual activity, increasing their risk of teenage pregnancy or STDs.
• 性早熟。青春期早发的女孩通常比其他女孩更早成为性对象,因此更容易被高年级男孩甚至成人作为目标。她们还更早地面对自己的生理感觉。青春期早发的女孩可能更早接触性行为,由此增加怀孕或者性病的风险。
Possible Causes of Early Puberty 青春期早发的可能原因
Note to parents: because early puberty can be caused by some serious conditions, including certain types of brain tumors and thyroid diseases, it is important to consult a doctor if you are concerned about your daughter's development, especially if you have no family history of early puberty.
家长需注意:由于青春期早发可能来自于一些严重的情况,包括某些类型的脑肿瘤和甲状腺疾病的,因此重要的是要咨询医生,如果您关心您的女儿的发展,特别是如果你没有家族病史的青春期早发 。
• Genetic factors. If a girl's mother, sisters, and other female relatives experienced early puberty, the chances are very strong she will too.
遗传因素。如果一个女孩的母亲,姐妹和其他女性亲属经历青春期早发,该女孩青春期早发的风险是大的。
• Obesity. As the rate of childhood obesity has exploded, so has the rate of precocious puberty. This is one of the most widely accepted theories about the rise in early puberty rates. Estrogen and leptin, two important hormones in puberty, are produced by fat cells, and many researchers believe puberty in girls is triggered when the body reaches a certain percentage of fat, in combination with other factors. This is one reason many competitive youth athletes experience later puberty than their peers.
肥胖。由于儿童肥胖率日益增加, 青春期早发的比率也在增长。这是有关青春期发比率上升的最广 为接受的理论之一。雌激素与瘦素,青春期的两个重要激素,是由脂肪细胞产生的,许多研究人员相信在一旦身体内脂肪达到一定比例, 同时伴随其它某些因素, 女孩的青春期即开始出现。这是很多青少年运动员比其同龄人更晚出现青春期的原因之一。
• Xenoestrogens. Xenoestrogens are man-made compounds that mimic the behavior of natural estrogen in the body. They occur in everything from plastic baby bottles and food storage containers to shampoo, cosmetics, and sunscreen to pesticides and insecticides used in residential and agricultural pest control to growth hormones fed to the animals that produce our meat, milk and eggs to the water we bathe in. Some shampoos targeted at the African-American community even advertise their estrogen content. Many scientists believe xenoestrogens are a major contributing factor to the epidemic of precocious puberty; others believe they are only minor contributors.
Xenoestrogens。 Xenoestrogens 是一种人工合成的化合物,它能够模拟体内的天然雌激素的特性。很多产品都包含这种合成物,例如塑料婴儿奶瓶,食品储存容器,洗发香波,化妆品,防晒霜,以及家用和农用杀虫剂,此外它还被用于注入动物的增长激素,其目的是增加肉,牛奶和鸡蛋。甚至我们洗澡水里也包括这种合成物。 一些针对黑人社区销售的洗发水里甚至宣传这种洗发水里包括雌激素成分。许多科学家相信xenoestrogen是青春期早发的主要因素,另外一些科学家则认为它只是次要因素。
• Soy-based infant formula. Soy has one of the highest concentrations of phytoestrogens, which are naturally occurring plant estrogens. In adults, phytoestrogens are generally considered neutral or even beneficial, especially from dietary sources. However, some researchers feel that the concentration of phytoestrogen in soy infant formulas may reach dangerous levels because these formulas are the only or primary source of nourishment for so long. These researchers claim that infants fed soy formula receive the estrogen equivalent of five birth control pills per day (based on body weight). About 25% of infants in the United States are fed soy-based formulas.
基于大豆的婴儿配方:大豆含有最高浓度的植物雌激素,它是一种天然生成的植物性雌激素。这种植物雌激素对于成人来说一般认为是中性或者有益的,尤其对于节食而言。 然而很多研究者认为大豆婴儿 配方中的高浓度植物雌激素很可能已经达到有害的水平,因为它们成为婴儿在很长时间内唯一或者主要的营养来源。这些研究者提出食用大豆配方的婴儿每天摄入的雌激素相当于五粒避孕药(基于身体体重)。美国大约有25%的婴儿食用基于大豆的配方产品。
Sexualized television and media. In one controversial theory, some researchers claim that exposure to sexualized media may be contributing to the increase in cases of early puberty. It is clear that visual stimuli affect the brain and body chemistry. For example, a photograph of a delicious looking meal causes people to salivate. However, the degree to which media depictions of sex could affect brain and body chemistry is still extremely uncertain and highly controversial.
包含性内容的电视和媒体: 一个有争议的理论认为大量接触包含性内容的电视和媒体促进了青春期早发的出现。 显然视觉刺激影响头脑和身体的发展。例如一幅美味食品的图片会刺激人流口水,但是这一理论目前尚未被确定,仍然处于争议之中。
Reducing the Chances of Early Puberty
降低青春期早发的机会
Here are some steps you can take to reduce the chances your daughter will experience early puberty:
您可以采用下列步骤来减少自己女儿青春期早发的机会
Reduce exposure to xenoestrogens.
减少对xenoestrogens的接触
Although the involvement of xenoestrogens in early puberty remains controversial, I believe it is better to be safe than sorry. One of the most potent and notorious xenoestrogens, DDT, was originally considered to be completely safe, and remains legal in some parts of the world.
尽管xenoestrogens对青春期早发的影响目前也处于争议中,我相信宁可信其有不可信其无。 DDT是一种有效并且也是臭名昭著的xenoestrogens,它最初被认为是完全安全的, 目前在世界某些地方仍然可以合法使用。 [译者:wikipedia,DDT最早于1874年合成,1939年其杀虫效果被发现,1948年某科学家因为发现高效DDT得到诺贝尔奖,1962年,美国生物学家提出DDT对环境有害并且致癌。1972年美国禁止使用DDT农药 ]
Some compounds to avoid: 一些应当避免的物质
• Phthalates. Plasticizers used to make plastic softer and more flexible, found in a truly depressing range of products, from baby bottles to IV bags to children's toys to liquid cosmetics to pesticides to food storage containers to certain clothing and footwear items. Learn more about phthalates.
邻苯二甲酸盐 它能够让塑料更加柔软并且更有韧性,很多产品都包含这种物质, 例如婴儿瓶,一次性输液袋,儿童玩具,液体化妆品,杀虫剂,食品储藏容器, 某些服装和鞋子。
• Bisphenol A (BPA). Another compound found in a depressing variety of plastic (and non-plastic) products, including baby bottles and tin cans, and shown to leach into food and liquids at unsafe levels, especially when heated.
BPA 另一种广泛应用于塑料(以及非塑料)的物质,包括婴儿瓶,罐头盒。这种物质可以侵入食品和液体,比例超过安全水平, 加热的时候尤其危险。
• Parabens. Preservatives used in many cosmetics and toiletries. The most common include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
对羟苯甲酸酯。主要用于化妆品和厕所用品。包括甲酯,尼泊金乙酯,尼泊金丙酯和尼泊金丁酯。
• Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). Flame retardants, now fortunately restricted.
PBB,阻燃剂,目前已禁止。
• DDT metabolites, especially DDE. Still found on some agricultural products.
DDT的代谢产物,特别是DDE。仍存在于一些农产品。
• DEHA. A plasticizer found in some cling wrap and other soft plastics.
增塑剂,仍然存在于一些保险包装和软塑料。
• BHT and BHA. Common food preservatives.常见于食物保存。
• Estradiol. Another name for estrogen. Most commonly found in shampoos marketed to African Americans, despite a proven link to early breast development.
雌二醇:雌激素的另一个名字。最常见于销售给非裔美国人的洗发水,尽管已经证明与早期乳腺癌的发展有关。
Breastfeed. 母乳喂养
Breastfeeding can be frustrating, time-consuming, and even quite painful at first, but in most cases it provides the best source of nutrition for infants. The longer you breastfeed the less exposure your child will have to the phytoestrogens in soy formulas and the xenoestrogens in (non-organic) dairy formulas, as well as compounds such as phthalates and bisphenol A that occur in many baby bottles. The many other benefits of breastfeeding include lower rates of obesity and allergies in breastfed babies.
喂奶可能会麻烦,花时间,最初还能会有疼痛感,但是大多数去情况下母乳喂养提供了婴儿所需营养的最佳来源。母乳喂养的时间越长, 婴儿接受大豆配方中植物性雌激素以及(非有机)奶类配方中雌激素的机会就越小。此外母乳喂养还可以避免许多婴儿奶瓶塑料中有害物质的吸收。其他一些益处包括较低的肥胖率和过敏率 。
Breastfeeding may increase the risk of early puberty if the mother has been exposed to PBBs or high levels of DDT, because both can pass to the infant through breast milk.
如果母亲摄入过量的PBB或者DDT ,母乳喂养可能会增加青春期早发的概率,这些化学合成物都可以通过母乳传递给婴儿。
Encourage regular moderate exercise.
鼓励经常适当锻炼
Regular exercise reduces the chance of early puberty in two ways. First, it greatly reduces the chances of obesity. Second, exercise contributes to maintaining healthy hormone balance by lowering estrogen levels. (Be aware that excessive exercise can lead to too little estrogen, which also causes health problems, including increasing the risk of osteoporosis.)
经常锻炼能够降低青春期早发的机会,原因有二:首先,它降低了肥胖的机会。其次,锻炼可以通过降低雌激素水平从而维持一个健康的荷尔蒙平衡。(过分的运动可能导致较低的雌激素水平,这同样会带来健康问题,包括增加骨质疏松症的危险)
Eat a balanced diet.
平衡膳食
A balanced diet with lots of whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables, and moderate quantities of animal products will help fight obesity and maintain healthy hormone balance as well. Eat organic foods as often as possible to reduce exposure to xenoestrogens through pesticides residues on food. The growth hormones fed to livestock are another major source of xenoestrogens. Eat organic, preferably grassfed, animal products whenever possible.
平衡膳食是指饮食包括各种谷物,新鲜水果和蔬菜,适量的肉类,这能够抵御肥胖并且维持健康的荷尔蒙水平。尽可能多的食用有机类食品,这样可以避免通过食物中残留的杀虫剂吸收xenoestrogens雌激素。注入禽畜类的生长激素是另一个雌激素的主要来源。好食用有机的(最好是食草的)肉类。
Limit Dairy Consumption
减少奶制品食用
New evidence suggests that it may be best to limit milk consumption in girls at risk for early puberty, due to the combination of natural and synthetic hormones found in milk. Fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese are believed to be safer than plain milk, and organic milk (again, preferably grassfed) is safer than conventional milk because it does not contain synthetic growth hormones.
新的证据表明减少牛奶的摄取能够降低女孩青春期早发的危险,因为牛奶中具有天然和合成的荷尔蒙。发酵的奶制品(例如酸奶和奶酪)比牛奶更安全。有机牛奶(最好是食草的)不含有合成的生长激素,因此比传统的牛奶更安全。
Monitor television and media consumption.
Although this is the most controversial possible cause of early puberty, again, better safe than sorry. Restricting age-inappropriate entertainment allows children to be children longer whether or not they are at risk of early puberty, and watching television WITH your children not only allows you to know what they're watching but also offers a prime opportunity to pass on your values through discussions about what you see onscreen and to get in some family bonding time as well. For more on smart media consumption, read Raising Smart Kids Without Throwing Out the TV.
注意电视和传媒的影响
尽管这是青春期早发的一个最具有争议的原因,但最好信之。限制与年龄不符的娱乐节目能够让延长儿童处于儿童期的时间。和您的孩子一起看电视不但令您知道自己孩子在观看什么节目,而且可以通过讨论电视节目将父母的观点传递给孩子,这也是增强家庭联系的一种方式。 [译者:我接触的一个美国家庭不安装有线电视,他们只通过天线接收几个电视台FOX,NBC,ABC,他们的解释是有线电视节目众多,有很多不适合孩子观看]
作者:Kerry G
http://hubpages.com/hub/Early-Puberty-in-Girls
翻译:Hollowell
http://jul12th.blogspot.com/
Early puberty in girls is a growing problem in the United States and around the world.
女孩青春期较早出现是美国以及全世界都正在增加的问题。
In the mid-1800s, the average age of menarche (first menstrual period) was 17. By the late 1960's it had dropped to 12, with anywhere from 9 to about 16 being considered "normal." This change can be considered positive overall; it was mostly a result of improved nutrition, which also resulted in taller stature, longer lifespans, and better overall health.
在19世纪中期,女孩初潮(第一次月经)的平均年龄是17岁。到20世纪60年代末期,这一平均年龄降低到12岁,9岁到16岁之间都被视为“正常”。这一变化可以被认为是积极的。很多程度上这来自于营养的改善,并导致身高的增加,寿命的延长以及更好的综合健康健康。
However, in recent years, the onset of puberty in girls, especially breast and pubic hair development, has dropped even lower. Among Caucasian girls in the United States, 1 in 7 has now started developing breasts and public hair by the age of 8. The figure for African-American girls is 1 in 2. Many doctors and researchers have begun to revise downward the age at which puberty is considered "precocious" - to 7 for Caucasian girls and 6 for African Americans.
然而最近几年以来女孩的青春期进一步提前,显著的表现包括乳房和阴毛。在美国的高加索女孩(译者:基本上就是白人女孩)中,每7个女孩中就有一个从8岁开始发育乳房和阴毛,对于非裔美国 (译者:黑人,现在不说Black了) 女孩来说,这个比例是2:1。许多医生和学者现在已经开始修改青春期早发的年龄界定,高加索女孩为7岁,黑人女孩为6岁。
But can an eight year old sporting breasts really be considered "normal?" Early onset of puberty is associated with many health risks: both physical and psychological. I believe that the medical community and parents alike must do more to learn about the causes of precocious puberty and work both to reverse the trend towards younger and younger puberty and to provide support for girls who experience it.
但是我们是否能认为一个8岁就发育的乳房是正常的?青春期早发带来一系列健康风险,其中包含心理方面和生理方面的问题。我相信医学界和家庭都必须采取更多行动并了解青春期早发的原因,这样我们才能阻止这种不断提前趋势的发展,并帮助那些出现此类状况的女孩。
Risks of Early Puberty
青春期早发的风险:
Environmental and genetic factors play a role in increasing or decreasing these risks for both early and late developing girls. In general, however, girls who experience precocious puberty have a higher risk of:
环境和遗传上的因素都对青春期早发或者迟发的女孩起着增加或者减少风险的作用。通常来说,青春期早发的女孩存在以下较高的风险。
• Cancer. The earlier the age of first menarche, the greater a girl's risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly breast cancer, due mainly to greater lifetime exposure to the hormone estrogen.
• 癌症:初潮的年龄越早,女孩得某些癌症的风险也越大,尤其是乳腺癌,这主要是在于面对雌激素的时间更长。
• Menstrual and fertility problems. Increased lifetime exposure to estrogen is also associated with an increased risk of problems such as PMS, menstrual cramps, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, fibrocystic breasts, and more.
• 月经和生殖问题:随着面对雌激素的周期的增加,女孩面对PMS(月经前综合症),痛经,子宫瘤,多囊卵巢综合症,子宫内膜异位,卵巢囊肿等。
• Stunted growth. Early puberty is often associated with advanced skeletal age, meaning that a 6 year old girl might have the bone structure of an 8 or 9 year old. Although they might initially be taller than slower-developing girls, girls who experience precocious puberty are likely to end up shorter, because after the initial growth spurt or spurts, puberty triggers the body to stop growing up and start filling out. Slower developing girls have more time to grow tall than the average girl who experiences precocious puberty.
• 发育受阻。青春期早发通常伴随着增加的骨骼年纪,例如一个6岁的女孩可能拥有一个8到9岁女孩的骨骼结构。尽管她们可能最初比同龄发育慢的女孩身高更高,但是青春期早发的女孩往往可能最终身高较低,这是因为经过最初的一窜或者几窜以后,身体将会停止增长同时开始横向发展。相比青春期提前出现的女孩,发育较慢的女孩有更多的时间长高。
• Lesser brain development. Unfortunately, puberty also eventually triggers the end of brain development. Again, this gives girls who experience early onset puberty less time to develop to their full physical potential before growth ceases.
• 较少的智力发展。不幸的是,青春期也会导致智力发展的结束。这也会导致那些发育提前的女孩有更少的时间来充分发展其智力潜能。
• Depression, anxiety, and stress. Being different is hard on both early and late developers, and combined with the mood swings associated with puberty, many girls who experience precocious puberty also have problems coping and may need extra emotional support from parents, teachers, and other trusted adults.
• 抑郁,焦虑和压力感。青春期早发和晚发都回造成个体与众不同,同时伴随着青春期带来的情绪波动,很多较早发育的女孩都回遇到棘手问题,她们需要来自家长,老师以及其他信任成年人的情感关怀。
• Sexual harassment. Sexual harassment of schoolchildren by other schoolchildren is a growing problem in the United States, and early developing girls are often targeted earlier and more frequently than other students, which can exacerbate depression, anxiety, and other mental problems.
• 性骚扰。来自学校其他孩子的性骚扰是一个美国日益严重的问题,青春期早发的女孩通常更早成为目标,并且更频繁的受到侵犯,这一事实可能加剧抑郁,焦虑和其他心理问题。
• Sexual precocity. Girls with precocious puberty are often treated as sexual beings earlier than other girls and may be targeted more by older boys and even adult men than slower developing girls. They also have to deal earlier with their own sexual feelings. Girls who experience early puberty may be more likely to engage in early sexual activity, increasing their risk of teenage pregnancy or STDs.
• 性早熟。青春期早发的女孩通常比其他女孩更早成为性对象,因此更容易被高年级男孩甚至成人作为目标。她们还更早地面对自己的生理感觉。青春期早发的女孩可能更早接触性行为,由此增加怀孕或者性病的风险。
Possible Causes of Early Puberty 青春期早发的可能原因
Note to parents: because early puberty can be caused by some serious conditions, including certain types of brain tumors and thyroid diseases, it is important to consult a doctor if you are concerned about your daughter's development, especially if you have no family history of early puberty.
家长需注意:由于青春期早发可能来自于一些严重的情况,包括某些类型的脑肿瘤和甲状腺疾病的,因此重要的是要咨询医生,如果您关心您的女儿的发展,特别是如果你没有家族病史的青春期早发 。
• Genetic factors. If a girl's mother, sisters, and other female relatives experienced early puberty, the chances are very strong she will too.
遗传因素。如果一个女孩的母亲,姐妹和其他女性亲属经历青春期早发,该女孩青春期早发的风险是大的。
• Obesity. As the rate of childhood obesity has exploded, so has the rate of precocious puberty. This is one of the most widely accepted theories about the rise in early puberty rates. Estrogen and leptin, two important hormones in puberty, are produced by fat cells, and many researchers believe puberty in girls is triggered when the body reaches a certain percentage of fat, in combination with other factors. This is one reason many competitive youth athletes experience later puberty than their peers.
肥胖。由于儿童肥胖率日益增加, 青春期早发的比率也在增长。这是有关青春期发比率上升的最广 为接受的理论之一。雌激素与瘦素,青春期的两个重要激素,是由脂肪细胞产生的,许多研究人员相信在一旦身体内脂肪达到一定比例, 同时伴随其它某些因素, 女孩的青春期即开始出现。这是很多青少年运动员比其同龄人更晚出现青春期的原因之一。
• Xenoestrogens. Xenoestrogens are man-made compounds that mimic the behavior of natural estrogen in the body. They occur in everything from plastic baby bottles and food storage containers to shampoo, cosmetics, and sunscreen to pesticides and insecticides used in residential and agricultural pest control to growth hormones fed to the animals that produce our meat, milk and eggs to the water we bathe in. Some shampoos targeted at the African-American community even advertise their estrogen content. Many scientists believe xenoestrogens are a major contributing factor to the epidemic of precocious puberty; others believe they are only minor contributors.
Xenoestrogens。 Xenoestrogens 是一种人工合成的化合物,它能够模拟体内的天然雌激素的特性。很多产品都包含这种合成物,例如塑料婴儿奶瓶,食品储存容器,洗发香波,化妆品,防晒霜,以及家用和农用杀虫剂,此外它还被用于注入动物的增长激素,其目的是增加肉,牛奶和鸡蛋。甚至我们洗澡水里也包括这种合成物。 一些针对黑人社区销售的洗发水里甚至宣传这种洗发水里包括雌激素成分。许多科学家相信xenoestrogen是青春期早发的主要因素,另外一些科学家则认为它只是次要因素。
• Soy-based infant formula. Soy has one of the highest concentrations of phytoestrogens, which are naturally occurring plant estrogens. In adults, phytoestrogens are generally considered neutral or even beneficial, especially from dietary sources. However, some researchers feel that the concentration of phytoestrogen in soy infant formulas may reach dangerous levels because these formulas are the only or primary source of nourishment for so long. These researchers claim that infants fed soy formula receive the estrogen equivalent of five birth control pills per day (based on body weight). About 25% of infants in the United States are fed soy-based formulas.
基于大豆的婴儿配方:大豆含有最高浓度的植物雌激素,它是一种天然生成的植物性雌激素。这种植物雌激素对于成人来说一般认为是中性或者有益的,尤其对于节食而言。 然而很多研究者认为大豆婴儿 配方中的高浓度植物雌激素很可能已经达到有害的水平,因为它们成为婴儿在很长时间内唯一或者主要的营养来源。这些研究者提出食用大豆配方的婴儿每天摄入的雌激素相当于五粒避孕药(基于身体体重)。美国大约有25%的婴儿食用基于大豆的配方产品。
Sexualized television and media. In one controversial theory, some researchers claim that exposure to sexualized media may be contributing to the increase in cases of early puberty. It is clear that visual stimuli affect the brain and body chemistry. For example, a photograph of a delicious looking meal causes people to salivate. However, the degree to which media depictions of sex could affect brain and body chemistry is still extremely uncertain and highly controversial.
包含性内容的电视和媒体: 一个有争议的理论认为大量接触包含性内容的电视和媒体促进了青春期早发的出现。 显然视觉刺激影响头脑和身体的发展。例如一幅美味食品的图片会刺激人流口水,但是这一理论目前尚未被确定,仍然处于争议之中。
Reducing the Chances of Early Puberty
降低青春期早发的机会
Here are some steps you can take to reduce the chances your daughter will experience early puberty:
您可以采用下列步骤来减少自己女儿青春期早发的机会
Reduce exposure to xenoestrogens.
减少对xenoestrogens的接触
Although the involvement of xenoestrogens in early puberty remains controversial, I believe it is better to be safe than sorry. One of the most potent and notorious xenoestrogens, DDT, was originally considered to be completely safe, and remains legal in some parts of the world.
尽管xenoestrogens对青春期早发的影响目前也处于争议中,我相信宁可信其有不可信其无。 DDT是一种有效并且也是臭名昭著的xenoestrogens,它最初被认为是完全安全的, 目前在世界某些地方仍然可以合法使用。 [译者:wikipedia,DDT最早于1874年合成,1939年其杀虫效果被发现,1948年某科学家因为发现高效DDT得到诺贝尔奖,1962年,美国生物学家提出DDT对环境有害并且致癌。1972年美国禁止使用DDT农药 ]
Some compounds to avoid: 一些应当避免的物质
• Phthalates. Plasticizers used to make plastic softer and more flexible, found in a truly depressing range of products, from baby bottles to IV bags to children's toys to liquid cosmetics to pesticides to food storage containers to certain clothing and footwear items. Learn more about phthalates.
邻苯二甲酸盐 它能够让塑料更加柔软并且更有韧性,很多产品都包含这种物质, 例如婴儿瓶,一次性输液袋,儿童玩具,液体化妆品,杀虫剂,食品储藏容器, 某些服装和鞋子。
• Bisphenol A (BPA). Another compound found in a depressing variety of plastic (and non-plastic) products, including baby bottles and tin cans, and shown to leach into food and liquids at unsafe levels, especially when heated.
BPA 另一种广泛应用于塑料(以及非塑料)的物质,包括婴儿瓶,罐头盒。这种物质可以侵入食品和液体,比例超过安全水平, 加热的时候尤其危险。
• Parabens. Preservatives used in many cosmetics and toiletries. The most common include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
对羟苯甲酸酯。主要用于化妆品和厕所用品。包括甲酯,尼泊金乙酯,尼泊金丙酯和尼泊金丁酯。
• Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). Flame retardants, now fortunately restricted.
PBB,阻燃剂,目前已禁止。
• DDT metabolites, especially DDE. Still found on some agricultural products.
DDT的代谢产物,特别是DDE。仍存在于一些农产品。
• DEHA. A plasticizer found in some cling wrap and other soft plastics.
增塑剂,仍然存在于一些保险包装和软塑料。
• BHT and BHA. Common food preservatives.常见于食物保存。
• Estradiol. Another name for estrogen. Most commonly found in shampoos marketed to African Americans, despite a proven link to early breast development.
雌二醇:雌激素的另一个名字。最常见于销售给非裔美国人的洗发水,尽管已经证明与早期乳腺癌的发展有关。
Breastfeed. 母乳喂养
Breastfeeding can be frustrating, time-consuming, and even quite painful at first, but in most cases it provides the best source of nutrition for infants. The longer you breastfeed the less exposure your child will have to the phytoestrogens in soy formulas and the xenoestrogens in (non-organic) dairy formulas, as well as compounds such as phthalates and bisphenol A that occur in many baby bottles. The many other benefits of breastfeeding include lower rates of obesity and allergies in breastfed babies.
喂奶可能会麻烦,花时间,最初还能会有疼痛感,但是大多数去情况下母乳喂养提供了婴儿所需营养的最佳来源。母乳喂养的时间越长, 婴儿接受大豆配方中植物性雌激素以及(非有机)奶类配方中雌激素的机会就越小。此外母乳喂养还可以避免许多婴儿奶瓶塑料中有害物质的吸收。其他一些益处包括较低的肥胖率和过敏率 。
Breastfeeding may increase the risk of early puberty if the mother has been exposed to PBBs or high levels of DDT, because both can pass to the infant through breast milk.
如果母亲摄入过量的PBB或者DDT ,母乳喂养可能会增加青春期早发的概率,这些化学合成物都可以通过母乳传递给婴儿。
Encourage regular moderate exercise.
鼓励经常适当锻炼
Regular exercise reduces the chance of early puberty in two ways. First, it greatly reduces the chances of obesity. Second, exercise contributes to maintaining healthy hormone balance by lowering estrogen levels. (Be aware that excessive exercise can lead to too little estrogen, which also causes health problems, including increasing the risk of osteoporosis.)
经常锻炼能够降低青春期早发的机会,原因有二:首先,它降低了肥胖的机会。其次,锻炼可以通过降低雌激素水平从而维持一个健康的荷尔蒙平衡。(过分的运动可能导致较低的雌激素水平,这同样会带来健康问题,包括增加骨质疏松症的危险)
Eat a balanced diet.
平衡膳食
A balanced diet with lots of whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables, and moderate quantities of animal products will help fight obesity and maintain healthy hormone balance as well. Eat organic foods as often as possible to reduce exposure to xenoestrogens through pesticides residues on food. The growth hormones fed to livestock are another major source of xenoestrogens. Eat organic, preferably grassfed, animal products whenever possible.
平衡膳食是指饮食包括各种谷物,新鲜水果和蔬菜,适量的肉类,这能够抵御肥胖并且维持健康的荷尔蒙水平。尽可能多的食用有机类食品,这样可以避免通过食物中残留的杀虫剂吸收xenoestrogens雌激素。注入禽畜类的生长激素是另一个雌激素的主要来源。好食用有机的(最好是食草的)肉类。
Limit Dairy Consumption
减少奶制品食用
New evidence suggests that it may be best to limit milk consumption in girls at risk for early puberty, due to the combination of natural and synthetic hormones found in milk. Fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese are believed to be safer than plain milk, and organic milk (again, preferably grassfed) is safer than conventional milk because it does not contain synthetic growth hormones.
新的证据表明减少牛奶的摄取能够降低女孩青春期早发的危险,因为牛奶中具有天然和合成的荷尔蒙。发酵的奶制品(例如酸奶和奶酪)比牛奶更安全。有机牛奶(最好是食草的)不含有合成的生长激素,因此比传统的牛奶更安全。
Monitor television and media consumption.
Although this is the most controversial possible cause of early puberty, again, better safe than sorry. Restricting age-inappropriate entertainment allows children to be children longer whether or not they are at risk of early puberty, and watching television WITH your children not only allows you to know what they're watching but also offers a prime opportunity to pass on your values through discussions about what you see onscreen and to get in some family bonding time as well. For more on smart media consumption, read Raising Smart Kids Without Throwing Out the TV.
注意电视和传媒的影响
尽管这是青春期早发的一个最具有争议的原因,但最好信之。限制与年龄不符的娱乐节目能够让延长儿童处于儿童期的时间。和您的孩子一起看电视不但令您知道自己孩子在观看什么节目,而且可以通过讨论电视节目将父母的观点传递给孩子,这也是增强家庭联系的一种方式。 [译者:我接触的一个美国家庭不安装有线电视,他们只通过天线接收几个电视台FOX,NBC,ABC,他们的解释是有线电视节目众多,有很多不适合孩子观看]
Monday, August 16, 2010
奶制品系列翻译01-牛奶中的荷尔蒙可能有危险
奶制品与癌症
[译者 牛奶里为什么会有激素?什么牛奶只有雌激素,为什么没人提雄性激素?这篇文章解释了这两个问题,如果原文确实的话], 此外牛奶中可能含有另外一种人工生长激素RBST,这是为了增加牛奶产量。 沃尔玛,星巴克和很多美国超市已经封杀这种RBST出来的牛奶。参见后一篇。 也可以google之。讽刺的是 美国FDA声称这种添加人工激素的牛奶和未添加人工激素的牛奶并无显著差别,民众依旧不买FDA的帐。事实上,牛奶是否促进女童发育过早的问题早在1997年的时候就引起关注, 许多年来科学家宣称尚无增据表明二者之间存在联系。 ]
原文:牛奶中的荷尔蒙可能有危险Hormones in milk can be dangerous
作者 By Corydon Ireland Harvard News Office
原文链接:http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/12.07/11-dairy.html ,发表于2006年
翻译: Hollowell 于2010-08-16 http://jul12th.blogspot.com
Ganmaa Davaasambuu is a physician (Mongolia), a Ph.D. in environmental health (Japan), a fellow (Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study), and a working scientist (Harvard School of Public Health).
Ganmaa Davaasambuu 是一个大夫(蒙古国),环境健康学博士(日本),Radcliffe高级研究所Fellow , 同时也是哈佛公共健康学院的科学家。[译者:蒙古大夫是什么典故?]
On Monday (Dec. 4), she drew on all those roles during a lunchtime talk to most of her fellow fellows.
在星期一(十二月四日)与众多同事的一次午餐讨论中,她以上的身份一一体现出来。
Ganmaa's topic was lunch-appropriate: the suspected role of cow's milk, cheese, and other dairy products in hormone-dependent cancers. (Those include cancers of the testes, prostate, and breast.)
Ganmaa的话题无疑是适合午餐气氛的:牛奶,奶酪以及其他一些奶制品是否与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有联系?(例如睾丸癌,前列腺癌,乳腺癌)
The link between cancer and dietary hormones - estrogen in particular - has been a source of great concern among scientists, said Ganmaa, but it has not been widely studied or discussed.
据Ganmaa说明,癌症与饮食荷尔蒙(尤其是雌激素 (estrogen))之间的联系一直是科学家们密切关注的一个课题,但是并没有得到广泛的研究或讨论。
The potential for risk is large. Natural estrogens are up to 100,000 times more potent than their environmental counterparts, such as the estrogen-like compounds in pesticides.
潜在的风险是巨大的。自然雌激素比起环境产生的雌激素要有效100,000倍以上,所谓传经产生的雌激素是指杀虫剂中类似雌激素的物质。
在人类有可能接触雌激素的情况中,我们主要关心牛奶,因为牛奶里含有大量的女性性荷尔蒙。Ganmma告诉听众们:奶制品占人体吸收雌激素的60%到80%. +
Part of the problem seems to be milk from modern dairy farms, where cows are milked about 300 days a year. For much of that time, the cows are pregnant. The later in pregnancy a cow is, the more hormones appear in her milk.
Milk from a cow in the late stage of pregnancy contains up to 33 times as much of a signature estrogen compound (estrone sulfate) than milk from a non-pregnant cow.
一部分问题可能在于现代的奶牛农场所提供的牛奶,农场里的奶牛每年大约挤奶300次。在大部分时间里,奶牛处于怀孕阶段,奶牛越接近临产,牛奶中含有的荷尔蒙就越高。
相对于未怀孕的奶牛,处于怀孕末期奶牛提供的牛奶中所含的雌激素物质(雌酮硫酸盐)是前者的33倍之多。 [译者:这段很有意思,以前我是不知道的]
In a study of modern milk in Japan, Ganmaa found that it contained 10 times more progesterone, another hormone, than raw milk from Mongolia.
Ganmaa在日本对当前奶牛的研究表明:日本牛奶中的孕酮(另一种类型的荷尔蒙)含量是蒙古鲜牛奶中孕酮的10倍。
In traditional herding societies like Mongolia, cows are milked for human consumption only five months a year, said Ganmaa, and, if pregnant, only in the early stages. Consequently, levels of hormones in the milk are much lower.
在类似蒙古这样的传统放牧业国家里,人们一年只有5个月的时间挤牛奶供人类使用,如果奶牛怀孕的话,那么只在最初阶段挤牛奶。相应的,这些牛奶中荷尔曼含量也比较低。
"The milk we drink today is quite unlike the milk our ancestors were drinking" without apparent harm for 2,000 years, she said. "The milk we drink today may not be nature's perfect food."
Ganmaa提到,今天我们引用的牛奶与我们祖先曾经引用的牛奶已经截然不同,2000年来人们饮用的牛奶并没有明显的害处,但是今天人们食用的牛奶可能已经不是大自然的最佳食物。
Earlier studies bear out Ganmaa's hypothesis that eating dairy heightens the risk of some cancers.
一些早期的研究印证了Ganmmaa关于食用奶制品增加某些癌症危险的假说。
One study compared diet and cancer rates in 42 counties. It showed that milk and cheese consumption are strongly correlated to the incidence of testicular cancer among men ages 20 to 39. Rates were highest in places like Switzerland and Denmark, where cheese is a national food, and lowest in Algeria and other countries where dairy is not so widely consumed.
一项研究比较了42个国家的饮食和癌症发生率,该研究表明20岁到39岁之间男性发生睾丸癌的机率与牛奶和奶酪食用有着强烈的相关性。瑞士和丹麦等奶酪作为全国性视频的一些国家有较高的发病率,而阿尔及利亚和其他一些很少食用奶制品的国家则发病率较低。
Cancer rates linked to dairy can change quickly, said Ganmaa. In the past 50 years in Japan, she said, rising rates of dairy consumption are linked with rising death rates from prostate cancer - from near zero per 100,000 five decades ago to 7 per 100,000 today.
与奶制品相关的癌症发生率可能变化非常快。在过去的50年里,日本的奶制品消费迅速上升,同时日本前列腺癌的死亡率从五十年前的十万分之0上升到今天的十万分之7。(译者注:当然也有可能是别的原因)
Butter, meat, eggs, milk, and cheese are implicated in higher rates of hormone-dependent cancers in general, she said. Breast cancer has been linked particularly to consumption of milk and cheese.
Ganmaa认为一般来说黄油,肉蛋,牛奶和奶酪与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有着密切的关系。特别的,乳腺癌与牛奶和奶酪的食用有着密切的关系。
In another study, rats fed milk show a higher incidence of cancer and develop a higher number of tumors than those who drank water, said Ganmaa.
在另一项研究中,喝牛奶的老鼠比那些喝水的小白鼠表现出更高的癌症发生率以及更多数量的肿瘤。
All this begs the question of the health effects of milk on children. About 75 percent of American children under 12 consume dairy every day, but its health effects on prepubescent bodies is not known - "a good rationale for further study," said Ganmaa, who studies bioactive substances in food and reproductive health disorders.
那么牛奶对于儿童健康的影响有什么影响呢?大约75%的12岁以下美国儿童每天都喝牛奶,但是喝牛奶对于青春期身体的影响尚不明确。Ganmaa认为这恰好说明进一步研究的必要性,她曾研究过食物中生物活性物质以及生殖健康的异常。
She and her Harvard colleagues have already conducted two pilot studies.
她已经和哈佛的同事进行了两项预研。
One compared levels of hormones and growth factors in American milk (whole, whole organic, skim milk, and UHT - ultra-high temperature - milk) to milk from Mongolia. Levels were very low in both American skim and in Mongolian milk.
研究一比较各种美国牛奶(全脂牛奶,有机全脂牛奶,脱脂牛奶,高温牛奶)和蒙古牛奶的荷尔蒙水平和生长因素。蒙古牛奶和各种美国脱脂牛奶中的含量都很低。
Another pilot study looked at third-graders in Mongolia. After a month, the hormone levels jumped among the children fed commercial U.S. milk.
另外一项研究测试蒙古国三年级学生的荷尔蒙。在食用美国牛奶一个月后,这些蒙古学生体内的荷尔蒙水平有所提高。
Long-term studies are needed to see if any of this is important for children's health. "We don't know what the larger implications are," said Ganmaa. (The National Institutes of Health is now reviewing Ganmaa and her team's application to fund a two-year study.)
Meanwhile, Ganmaa is investigating 22 years of data from Harvard's Nurses Health Study, looking for a potential link between dairy and endometrial cancer.
需要经过长期的研究才能证明以上这些是否儿童健康有所影响。”我们还不知道这些实验背后的意义”。同时Ganmaa正在研究哈佛22年的护理健康研究记录,她希望从中发现奶制品和子宫癌之间的联系。
But she is cautious about the implications of her studies of cancer rates and dairy consumption.
但是她对癌症发生率和奶制品食用之间的联系保持谨慎的态度。
For one, said Ganmaa, "milk is a food of great complexity" and contains high levels of beneficial nutrients, including calcium and vitamin D. (Mongolian children, who drink a third less dairy than their American counterparts, have low levels of vitamin D.)
牛奶是一种非常复杂的食品,包含了高量的各种有益营养成分,例如钙和维生素(蒙古国的小朋友喝牛奶不到美国小朋友的三分之一,他们体内 的维生素D水平较低 )
"The hormonal effects of milk are very new," said Ganmaa during questions from her Radcliffe audience. Until more research is done, she said, "I'd like to keep our heads low."
牛奶的荷尔蒙效应是一个新话题,Ganmaa说,在更多的研究以前,我们先低调一些。
But steps can be taken now to reduce the amount of hormones in milk, said Ganmaa. Because hormones reside in milk fat, drinking skim milk is one option. Getting calcium from green leafy vegetables is another.
同时她强调目前我们可以采用一些措施来降低牛奶中荷尔蒙的水平。由于荷尔蒙存在于乳脂(milk fat), 大家可以喝脱脂牛奶。从绿叶类蔬菜中获取钙是另外一个办法。
Modes of milk production can also change, said Ganmaa. She suggested milking only nonpregnant cows (the Mongolian model), or not milking cows when they are in the later stages of pregnancy, when hormone levels are particularly high.
她同时认为牛奶生产模式也可以改变。 她建议只对未怀孕的奶牛挤奶(蒙古模式),并且不对处于怀孕末期的奶牛挤奶,因为怀孕末期的奶牛有更高的荷尔蒙含量。
"The dairy industry in the United States is not going to change in any radical way," said artist Shimon Attie, the Mildred Londa Weisman Fellow at Radcliffe - and a former dairyman.
一位前奶牛场主则认为美国的奶制品行业并不会有所变化。
But in the meantime, he had a suggestion for the coffee setting at future Radcliffe Fellows luncheons: a pot of nondairy creamer.
Radcliffe sponsors 50 fellows a year - scientists, artists, writers, and scholars of every stripe. Three times a month, one of them gives a private luncheon talk for other fellows.
同时我们对Radcliffe所有同仁有一个建议,以后进行午餐讨论会时可以在咖啡里添加非奶制品的奶油。
[译者 牛奶里为什么会有激素?什么牛奶只有雌激素,为什么没人提雄性激素?这篇文章解释了这两个问题,如果原文确实的话], 此外牛奶中可能含有另外一种人工生长激素RBST,这是为了增加牛奶产量。 沃尔玛,星巴克和很多美国超市已经封杀这种RBST出来的牛奶。参见后一篇。 也可以google之。讽刺的是 美国FDA声称这种添加人工激素的牛奶和未添加人工激素的牛奶并无显著差别,民众依旧不买FDA的帐。事实上,牛奶是否促进女童发育过早的问题早在1997年的时候就引起关注, 许多年来科学家宣称尚无增据表明二者之间存在联系。 ]
原文:牛奶中的荷尔蒙可能有危险Hormones in milk can be dangerous
作者 By Corydon Ireland Harvard News Office
原文链接:http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/12.07/11-dairy.html ,发表于2006年
翻译: Hollowell 于2010-08-16 http://jul12th.blogspot.com
Ganmaa Davaasambuu is a physician (Mongolia), a Ph.D. in environmental health (Japan), a fellow (Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study), and a working scientist (Harvard School of Public Health).
Ganmaa Davaasambuu 是一个大夫(蒙古国),环境健康学博士(日本),Radcliffe高级研究所Fellow , 同时也是哈佛公共健康学院的科学家。[译者:蒙古大夫是什么典故?]
On Monday (Dec. 4), she drew on all those roles during a lunchtime talk to most of her fellow fellows.
在星期一(十二月四日)与众多同事的一次午餐讨论中,她以上的身份一一体现出来。
Ganmaa's topic was lunch-appropriate: the suspected role of cow's milk, cheese, and other dairy products in hormone-dependent cancers. (Those include cancers of the testes, prostate, and breast.)
Ganmaa的话题无疑是适合午餐气氛的:牛奶,奶酪以及其他一些奶制品是否与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有联系?(例如睾丸癌,前列腺癌,乳腺癌)
The link between cancer and dietary hormones - estrogen in particular - has been a source of great concern among scientists, said Ganmaa, but it has not been widely studied or discussed.
据Ganmaa说明,癌症与饮食荷尔蒙(尤其是雌激素 (estrogen))之间的联系一直是科学家们密切关注的一个课题,但是并没有得到广泛的研究或讨论。
The potential for risk is large. Natural estrogens are up to 100,000 times more potent than their environmental counterparts, such as the estrogen-like compounds in pesticides.
潜在的风险是巨大的。自然雌激素比起环境产生的雌激素要有效100,000倍以上,所谓传经产生的雌激素是指杀虫剂中类似雌激素的物质。
在人类有可能接触雌激素的情况中,我们主要关心牛奶,因为牛奶里含有大量的女性性荷尔蒙。Ganmma告诉听众们:奶制品占人体吸收雌激素的60%到80%. +
Part of the problem seems to be milk from modern dairy farms, where cows are milked about 300 days a year. For much of that time, the cows are pregnant. The later in pregnancy a cow is, the more hormones appear in her milk.
Milk from a cow in the late stage of pregnancy contains up to 33 times as much of a signature estrogen compound (estrone sulfate) than milk from a non-pregnant cow.
一部分问题可能在于现代的奶牛农场所提供的牛奶,农场里的奶牛每年大约挤奶300次。在大部分时间里,奶牛处于怀孕阶段,奶牛越接近临产,牛奶中含有的荷尔蒙就越高。
相对于未怀孕的奶牛,处于怀孕末期奶牛提供的牛奶中所含的雌激素物质(雌酮硫酸盐)是前者的33倍之多。 [译者:这段很有意思,以前我是不知道的]
In a study of modern milk in Japan, Ganmaa found that it contained 10 times more progesterone, another hormone, than raw milk from Mongolia.
Ganmaa在日本对当前奶牛的研究表明:日本牛奶中的孕酮(另一种类型的荷尔蒙)含量是蒙古鲜牛奶中孕酮的10倍。
In traditional herding societies like Mongolia, cows are milked for human consumption only five months a year, said Ganmaa, and, if pregnant, only in the early stages. Consequently, levels of hormones in the milk are much lower.
在类似蒙古这样的传统放牧业国家里,人们一年只有5个月的时间挤牛奶供人类使用,如果奶牛怀孕的话,那么只在最初阶段挤牛奶。相应的,这些牛奶中荷尔曼含量也比较低。
"The milk we drink today is quite unlike the milk our ancestors were drinking" without apparent harm for 2,000 years, she said. "The milk we drink today may not be nature's perfect food."
Ganmaa提到,今天我们引用的牛奶与我们祖先曾经引用的牛奶已经截然不同,2000年来人们饮用的牛奶并没有明显的害处,但是今天人们食用的牛奶可能已经不是大自然的最佳食物。
Earlier studies bear out Ganmaa's hypothesis that eating dairy heightens the risk of some cancers.
一些早期的研究印证了Ganmmaa关于食用奶制品增加某些癌症危险的假说。
One study compared diet and cancer rates in 42 counties. It showed that milk and cheese consumption are strongly correlated to the incidence of testicular cancer among men ages 20 to 39. Rates were highest in places like Switzerland and Denmark, where cheese is a national food, and lowest in Algeria and other countries where dairy is not so widely consumed.
一项研究比较了42个国家的饮食和癌症发生率,该研究表明20岁到39岁之间男性发生睾丸癌的机率与牛奶和奶酪食用有着强烈的相关性。瑞士和丹麦等奶酪作为全国性视频的一些国家有较高的发病率,而阿尔及利亚和其他一些很少食用奶制品的国家则发病率较低。
Cancer rates linked to dairy can change quickly, said Ganmaa. In the past 50 years in Japan, she said, rising rates of dairy consumption are linked with rising death rates from prostate cancer - from near zero per 100,000 five decades ago to 7 per 100,000 today.
与奶制品相关的癌症发生率可能变化非常快。在过去的50年里,日本的奶制品消费迅速上升,同时日本前列腺癌的死亡率从五十年前的十万分之0上升到今天的十万分之7。(译者注:当然也有可能是别的原因)
Butter, meat, eggs, milk, and cheese are implicated in higher rates of hormone-dependent cancers in general, she said. Breast cancer has been linked particularly to consumption of milk and cheese.
Ganmaa认为一般来说黄油,肉蛋,牛奶和奶酪与荷尔蒙相关的癌症有着密切的关系。特别的,乳腺癌与牛奶和奶酪的食用有着密切的关系。
In another study, rats fed milk show a higher incidence of cancer and develop a higher number of tumors than those who drank water, said Ganmaa.
在另一项研究中,喝牛奶的老鼠比那些喝水的小白鼠表现出更高的癌症发生率以及更多数量的肿瘤。
All this begs the question of the health effects of milk on children. About 75 percent of American children under 12 consume dairy every day, but its health effects on prepubescent bodies is not known - "a good rationale for further study," said Ganmaa, who studies bioactive substances in food and reproductive health disorders.
那么牛奶对于儿童健康的影响有什么影响呢?大约75%的12岁以下美国儿童每天都喝牛奶,但是喝牛奶对于青春期身体的影响尚不明确。Ganmaa认为这恰好说明进一步研究的必要性,她曾研究过食物中生物活性物质以及生殖健康的异常。
She and her Harvard colleagues have already conducted two pilot studies.
她已经和哈佛的同事进行了两项预研。
One compared levels of hormones and growth factors in American milk (whole, whole organic, skim milk, and UHT - ultra-high temperature - milk) to milk from Mongolia. Levels were very low in both American skim and in Mongolian milk.
研究一比较各种美国牛奶(全脂牛奶,有机全脂牛奶,脱脂牛奶,高温牛奶)和蒙古牛奶的荷尔蒙水平和生长因素。蒙古牛奶和各种美国脱脂牛奶中的含量都很低。
Another pilot study looked at third-graders in Mongolia. After a month, the hormone levels jumped among the children fed commercial U.S. milk.
另外一项研究测试蒙古国三年级学生的荷尔蒙。在食用美国牛奶一个月后,这些蒙古学生体内的荷尔蒙水平有所提高。
Long-term studies are needed to see if any of this is important for children's health. "We don't know what the larger implications are," said Ganmaa. (The National Institutes of Health is now reviewing Ganmaa and her team's application to fund a two-year study.)
Meanwhile, Ganmaa is investigating 22 years of data from Harvard's Nurses Health Study, looking for a potential link between dairy and endometrial cancer.
需要经过长期的研究才能证明以上这些是否儿童健康有所影响。”我们还不知道这些实验背后的意义”。同时Ganmaa正在研究哈佛22年的护理健康研究记录,她希望从中发现奶制品和子宫癌之间的联系。
But she is cautious about the implications of her studies of cancer rates and dairy consumption.
但是她对癌症发生率和奶制品食用之间的联系保持谨慎的态度。
For one, said Ganmaa, "milk is a food of great complexity" and contains high levels of beneficial nutrients, including calcium and vitamin D. (Mongolian children, who drink a third less dairy than their American counterparts, have low levels of vitamin D.)
牛奶是一种非常复杂的食品,包含了高量的各种有益营养成分,例如钙和维生素(蒙古国的小朋友喝牛奶不到美国小朋友的三分之一,他们体内 的维生素D水平较低 )
"The hormonal effects of milk are very new," said Ganmaa during questions from her Radcliffe audience. Until more research is done, she said, "I'd like to keep our heads low."
牛奶的荷尔蒙效应是一个新话题,Ganmaa说,在更多的研究以前,我们先低调一些。
But steps can be taken now to reduce the amount of hormones in milk, said Ganmaa. Because hormones reside in milk fat, drinking skim milk is one option. Getting calcium from green leafy vegetables is another.
同时她强调目前我们可以采用一些措施来降低牛奶中荷尔蒙的水平。由于荷尔蒙存在于乳脂(milk fat), 大家可以喝脱脂牛奶。从绿叶类蔬菜中获取钙是另外一个办法。
Modes of milk production can also change, said Ganmaa. She suggested milking only nonpregnant cows (the Mongolian model), or not milking cows when they are in the later stages of pregnancy, when hormone levels are particularly high.
她同时认为牛奶生产模式也可以改变。 她建议只对未怀孕的奶牛挤奶(蒙古模式),并且不对处于怀孕末期的奶牛挤奶,因为怀孕末期的奶牛有更高的荷尔蒙含量。
"The dairy industry in the United States is not going to change in any radical way," said artist Shimon Attie, the Mildred Londa Weisman Fellow at Radcliffe - and a former dairyman.
一位前奶牛场主则认为美国的奶制品行业并不会有所变化。
But in the meantime, he had a suggestion for the coffee setting at future Radcliffe Fellows luncheons: a pot of nondairy creamer.
Radcliffe sponsors 50 fellows a year - scientists, artists, writers, and scholars of every stripe. Three times a month, one of them gives a private luncheon talk for other fellows.
同时我们对Radcliffe所有同仁有一个建议,以后进行午餐讨论会时可以在咖啡里添加非奶制品的奶油。
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